Further details
Tonga: History, evidence and the Reverend John Thomas's collection
Abstract
The Methodist missionary John Thomas (1797-1881) left a collection of Tongan clubs that were passed on to his indirect descendants accompanied by only minimal information, as they had become separated from his journals. This research seeks to examine the private and official journals of John Thomas, and other sources, to seek any information about these clubs.
Introduction
The Reverend John Thomas was a figure of great significance in the political and religious transformation of the Tonga archipelago as contact with the outside world began to encroach upon the islands in the early nineteenth century. A blacksmith with little formal education but driven by his passionate convictions and accompanied by his equally committed wife, Sarah, he arrived in the Tonga islands in 1826 where he remained without a break for the next 25 years. His baptism of Chief Taufa'ahau Tupou and his support of his recognition by European powers as the first king of all Tonga laid the foundations for the future during which Tonga would be influenced by the colonial powers, but, alone amongst the island nations in the region, would avoid formal colonisation, remaining the independent constitutional monarchy that it is today.
John and Sarah Thomas returned to England in 1851. Unsurprisingly, he found it hard to settle and he and his wife went back to Tonga between 1856 and 1859. On his return to England, he took a position as a supernumerary minister in Stourbridge, where he remained until his death in 1881.
In 1872, five years after the death of his first wife Sarah, John Thomas got married again, to Esther Matthews, who had been his housekeeper. He had a second son by her, John William Thomas. His first son, also called John, died in Tonga at the age of eight. John Thomas's will was primarily concerned with providing for his new wife and son and, I quote "I give to my dear wife Esther Thomas all my household goods and furniture including linen china books manuscripts private journals pictures and curiosities now in or about my dwelling house at Stourbridge".
In 1891, ten years after John Thomas's death, and after the death of John William Thomas of pneumonia in November 1884 aged nine, Esther Thomas married again. She appears to have left no will, but we know that the above-mentioned manuscripts and private journals were passed to the Methodist Missionary Society, which passed them to the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London, where they are now held. Amongst the "curiosities" bequeathed to Esther was a set of Tongan artefacts that she passed back into the Thomas family. Mrs Edith Thomas received them from her brother Alfred Thomas, upon his death in 1935. They were hanging on a wall in her daughter's house until the late 1960s, after which they were put into storage. Very little was known about them, other than that they were "the Reverend John Thomas's clubs", that some of them had been given to him by the first king of Tonga, who he baptised, and that a book had been written about him, published in 1885, called "A Pioneer", written by G. Stringer Rowe. That was all that was known. This paper seeks to collate all of the research that I have since done on these artefacts and to relate them to the information contained in John Thomas's own writings.
Research sources
There is, unfortunately, no single repository of John Thomas's writings and they are therefore difficult to reference and compare. He often wrote several variant versions about the same event in his private journal, his letters, his official reports and his reminiscences. Some of these were published in the missionary publications of the time, often with alterations. Some have been scanned to produce digital versions and these sometimes show up in internet searches. His original journals are only publicly available on microfiche and can be viewed by visiting the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London; however, doing so is an extremely time-consuming matter as the handwriting can be very difficult to read and some of the microfiche scans have picked up ink on the other side of the pages, making them practically unreadable. There is a huge volume of hand-written material covering many years. However, his journals covering the period 1825-1841 have been partially transcribed and this transcription is held by the State Library of New South Wales(1). This transcription is of particular interest as it covers the period of transition between the dominance of the old and new orders in Tonga. There are other publications that make reference to John Thomas's original journals that specifically record the acquisition of clubs. Foremost amongst these is the paper "Tongan Figures: from goddesses to missionary trophies to masterpieces" by the late Roger Neich of Auckland Museum. This paper refers to the Rev. John Thomas numerous times and, in a section entitled "Clubs as vehicles for the gods", it refers to his practice of collecting clubs that were used in Tongan religious rites, perhaps to emphasise the dominance of the new religion over the old, to remove them from an environment where they were still held in awe by the mass of the people and as mementos of his achievements.
Earliest accounts
Before looking further at his journal entries on the clubs that he collected, some background information is needed on the environment into which John Thomas went. For this, there is no better source than the book "An account of the natives of the Tonga islands in the South Pacific Ocean". This book was written to describe the experiences of William Mariner, who lived in Tonga between 1806 and 1810. Mariner was a 15 year old clerk on the Port au Prince, which had a joint role as a whaler and privateer and carried a "Letter of Marque and Reprisal" from the British government authorising it to take action against the enemies of Britain, mainly the French and Spanish, and to capture their ships as prizes. If no prizes were to be found, she was to hunt whales.
In 1806, after a few turbulent months attacking Spanish interests in South America, the ship made for the whaling grounds and, following the death of her captain, her whaling master, Mr Brown, took command. The ship made for Tahiti but got too far to the west and, leaking dangerously, made for Tonga and anchored at Lifuka in the Ha'apai group, in the same place where Captain Cook had formerly been and where Thomas would arrive in 1829.
Perhaps lulled by Captain Cook having inappropriately named them the Friendly Islands(2), and by the Tongans' initially friendly approach, there was no appreciation of the danger(3). Despite the warnings of some Hawaiian crew members that the Tongans' intentions were hostile, no attempt was made to limit the number of them coming on board or to stop them bringing weapons with them. The situation was made far worse by the complete breakdown in discipline that had occurred on board, with Captain Brown's attempts to stop the men going ashore being met with open defiance and threats of violence. Under such circumstances the ship made an easy target and some 300 Tongans boarded before turning on the crew and clubbing 26 of them to death. The 34 surviving crew members were preserved only to work the ship's guns, the capture of which was the purpose of the attack.
The chief who organised the assault on the Port au Prince, Finau 'Ulukalala, took a liking to Mariner and adopted him as his son, giving him the name Tokiukamea or 'Iron-Axe'. Mariner lived there for the next four years, in a highly privileged social position as the chief's adopted son, before escaping. On his return to England he met John Martin, a doctor, who wrote the book from their conversations and it remains the primary source of information on pre-Christian Tonga.
Thomas had read the book on Mariner's experiences, undoubtedly for the background information and the grammar of the Tongan language that it contains. He also met some of the protagonists, as is made clear by his official journal entries for 7 February 1827(4), 1 September 1831 and 1 October 1831(5).
Firstly, volume two of Mariner's book gives a succinct description of Tongan priests:
"Priests or Fahe-Gehe. The term fahe-gehe means 'split off ', separate, or distinct from, and is applied to signify a priest, or man, who has a peculiar or distinct sort of mind or soul, differing from that of the generality of mankind, which disposes some god occasionally to inspire him. These inspirations, of which an account has been given in volume 1, p.105, frequently happen and on such occasions the priest has the same deference and respect shewn to him as if he were the god himself; if the king happens to be present, he retires to a respectful distance, and sits down among the body of the spectators, so would Veachi(7), and so would even the high divine chief Tooitonga, because a god is believed to exist at that moment in the priest, and to speak from his mouth: but at other times a priest has no other respect paid to him than what his own proper family rank may require. They generally belong to the lower order of chiefs, or to the matabooles(8), although sometimes great chiefs are thus visited by the gods, and the king himself has been inspired by Tali-y-toobo, the chief of the gods."
Let us now turn to volume 1, p.105, where a more comprehensive description of the inspiration ritual is given:
"The night previous to the consultation of the Oracle, the chief orders his cooks to kill and prepare a hog, and to procure a basket of yams, and two bunches of ripe plantains. These things being got ready, the next morning they are carried to the place where the priest is, who is sometimes previously apprised of the circumstance, at other times not. The chiefs and matabooles then clothe themselves in mats, and repair thither. If it be at a house, the priest seats himself just within the eaves; if at a distance, on any convenient spot of ground, and the matabooles range themselves on either hand, so as to form a circle, or rather an elipsis, leaving a considerable space vacant opposite the priest. In this space, at the bottom of the circle, sits the man who prepares the cava, the root being previously chewed by the cooks, attendants, and others, who sit behind him. Behind these again sit the chiefs indiscriminately among the people, conceiving that such modest demeanour must be acceptable to the gods.
As soon as they are all seated, the priest is considered as inspired, the god being supposed to exist within him from that moment. He remains for a considerable time in silence, with his hands clasped before him, his eyes cast down, and motionless. During this time, the victuals are being shared out, and the cava preparing, and the matabooles begin to consult him. Sometimes he answers them, at other times not; in either case he remains as formerly. Frequently he will not utter a word until the repast is finished, and the cava too. When he speaks, he generally begins in a low and very altered tone of voice, which gradually rises to nearly its natural pitch, though sometimes a little above it. All that he says is supposed to be the declaration of the God, and he accordingly speaks in the first person as if he were the God. All this is done generally without any apparent inward emotional or outward agitation; but on some occasions his countenance becomes fierce, and, as it were, inflamed, and his whole frame agitated with inward feeling. He is seized with a universal trembling; the perspiration breaks out on his forehead, and his lips, turning black, are convulsed; at length, tears start in floods from his eyes, his breast heaves with great emotion, and his utterance is choked. These symptoms gradually subside. Before this paroxysm comes on, and after it is over, he often eats as much as four hungry men, under other circumstances, could devour. The fit being now gone off, he remains for sometime calm, then takes up a club that is placed by him for the purpose, turns it over and regards it attentively; he then looks up earnestly, now to the right, now to the left, and so on, for several times. At length he suddenly raises the club, and, after a moment's pause, strikes the ground, or the adjacent part of the house, with considerable force. Immediately the God leaves him, and he rises up and retires to the back of the ring among the people."
Concerning this ritual ending with a club being struck, the following was written by the Reverend Walter Lawry(9):
"There is also in my possession, among the Heathen relics from Mua, a club belonging to a long line of Priests; and its name is hallah, or "path." When the Chiefs came to enquire of the Priest, this sacred club was taken down; the Priest was inspired, and delivered his message, which might be in anger, or otherwise, as the case might be; then the club smote the beam, and away went the fahe gehe, mounting aloft, or plunging into the deep, as they saw fit. This club, then, is a sacred fahe gehe, or "god" of Tonga. Several others are safely lodged with me, which need no description; for all their qualities are the same as those already mentioned, with mere circumstantial variations."
Thomas's official journal entry for Thursday 2 May 1833 gives an example of the commonplace nature of this ritual:
"On our way back we called upon Fae, but as they were just holding a spirit meeting we thought it better to wait until it was over. One of our party drew near to learn the nature of the meeting and informed us that Takai, Fae's elder brother whom he succeeded as Chief had come to Fae, hence he was inspired. The spirit gave them to understand that it was through his influence that Fae's life had been lengthened out so long, one of the Matabules thanked him in coming. They prepared some Cava and the man intreated (sic) him to spare the Chief's life that they might serve him. The spirit replied that it was not as he pleased but as the eiki tahi pleased, meaning Taufa tahi(10) possibly. Soon after they drank the Cava and the spirit left him. A heavy blow upon the post gave us notice that he was gone and we then drew nigh. I was received kindly by Fae and his wife, sat down by him and talked to him."
Clubs acquired by John Thomas
Now let us look at some entries in John Thomas's own journals concerning his acquisition of clubs:
1. The following entry is dated Sunday 26 December 1830 and quoted in "The Missionary herald", Volume 28, page 340:
"at eight o 'clock we met for Divine worship; the house could not contain those that were present; many sat outside. I was glad to see so many grey-headed men who are becoming wise at last; one of them is a respectable matabule; the chief and I visited him yesterday in his village, called Ahau, we talked to him on the necessity of turning to Jehovah. The old man believed what we said; he sent for his club, called hala, that is 'way ' or 'road ', and gave it to me, thus testifying his assent to the truth of God, and that he cast away his spirit or the devil who had hitherto guided him; for the club he gave me was that by which he used to divine, it was the road or the way for the spirit. The poor old white-headed man was at the chapel today, and publicly renounced his profession as priest for the devil, and bowed down to the Lord our God. Several others, likewise have turned with him, and we hope to get the whole village, yea, and every village, and in every island, to turn to God: the Lord hasten it in his time. In the afternoon the chief, Mataili, for that is the name of the spirit-man who joined us this morning, was present again, and so were many of his people; Glory be to God for what we see - it is more than a recompense for all we have suffered in coming down to them; here is a whole village turning from Satan to God; we have got the priest and his friends, and the rest will follow; they cannot stand out, for we have taken away their gods, and what have they more?"
Thomas's official journal gives another version of this same event:
"I accompanied the Chief yesterday to a populous village called Ahau, a place I have visited before, he renewed his exhortations to them to turn to the Lord, saying he had waited many months and they had not turned. After some time the principal person sent for Cava that was in the spirit house and a kind of club which is what they call the hala, these were laid at the Chief's feet and he put them to me. I returned the Cava, the Chief gave it to be made telling them although it was spirit Cava not to be afraid as no evil would result from their drinking it, it was drunk. The Chief talked very pleasantly to them and they seemed obedient. Today gave proof that what was said was not in vain as Mataili and many others were present to give themselves for the first time to Jehovah, one God. Mataili was the representative of the god Fakailoatonga(11) and the club he gave me called the hala, or in English the road or path, was the one used by Mataili when the spirit came to him. He then [...](12) the North of the house with it and in a like manner when he took his departure, but now a greater than he is come, the strong man armed is bound and his gods are spoiled."
2.In September 1831:
"The god Havea(13) worshipped by the family of Fakauulolo was represented by a beautifully carved iron wood club, which was known to be in the keeping of the Chief who had now become a worshipper of Jehovah, through means of the teaching of the missionary. Lazarus Vea, a Chief of this place and a member of my class, being a relative of the above chief and formerly a devoted worshipper of Havea the god while at Vavau and before he took his leave of his friend, begged of him the god they had formerly worshipped, saying he wished to give it to the missionary who had brought them the knowledge of the true God. It was readily given up and brought and presented to me; which was thankfully received, to be kept as a trophy of the blessed Gospel, fairly won from the hands of the enemy(14)."
Thomas's official journal for 9 September 1831 records this as follows: "Lasalosi brought me a Club called a Hala or a way, this he informs me was reverenced by him and his tribe as a God, that he went to his relation Fakatulalo on his visit at this time at Vavow and asked the Chief Fakatalola where the god was they used to bow down to, saying he wished to beg it that he might give it to me, the other readily gave it up. I gladly received it and promised to take care of it. It is a club of a kind of wood called toa, neatly carved from one end to end, and to all appearing has been made a long time. The name of the god it represents is Havea, it has been worshipped as a God hundreds of times and treated as a god in every respect, food- Cava-Gnatu mats etc etc have been regularly offered to it, no person was allowed to come near it but they must fall down in the profoundest reverence. It was sought unto by all the people of the tribe on all occasions, but especially when anyone was ill, blood must then be shed, fingers cut off and the part with the hand bleeding presented to the god.
3. A month later, on the island of Taunga in the Vava'u group, Thomas records:
"I asked about the god of that island, it being rather a famous place, for voyagers to call at, both in going to and from the southern groups. The old lady told me the god was taken to Tonga(15), but in this she lied also for the god was still in the house, which stood not far away and I found she was the priestess, and was evidently afraid I was going to take some liberties with their poor god, especially as the King had now turned from all such things, and also that such havoc had been made of gods and goddesses in these parts. I had taken a walk to see the god's house and saw that the god was in it, a beautifully carved ironwood club, which she was afraid I should have carried away with me,-hence she did all she could without insulting me, to prevent my seeing the inside of the building, but I professed to be her real friend, and no one ever knew me lay hands on what was not my own-but the Lord had executed judgement upon the Vavau gods-and there is now no place for them."(16)
Further to this, Roger Neich quotes Thomas: "It was fully believed that the god of this place would soon be a saleable article, and Mafi was authorised to purchase the idol as soon as Kaho was disposed to part with it and send or bring over to me."
Thomas's official journal entry for 11 October 1831 records:
"Tanga is a pretty little Island, and was considered a very sacred Island, being as was supposed the residence of a great god to who all paid homage and sought unto in all their Voyages. I have left directions with Mafi to procure me the god when the old foolish woman is tired of it. It is a neat carved Club. I trust our visit at Tanga will not be in vain."
A further entry for 20 October follows this up: "I have hinted to Finau that the Devil has a place at Tanga which he will do well to put away, and if he has no objections, to let me have the god or hala as it is called."
4.Saturday 18 November 1843: "Today the King called and gave me a beautiful, carved club, called Hikuleo, this he said was the god worshipped at Uiha, one of the principal of the Haabai Islands from which place he said it had been sent to him. Hikuleo is the devil name"(17).
To quote again from Roger Neich "Apart from this single reference to a club actually representing Hikule'o(18), the role of certain clubs serving as vehicles for the gods is well documented by Thomas from his earliest years in Tonga. As he wrote: "Besides this many of the gods had what was called the hala, or way, which was a carved club-most sacred, by which the god was supposed to enter the priest"
Conclusion
An examination of John Thomas's journals, and particularly the passages cited by the late Roger Neich, show that he had a particular interest in collecting clubs used in Tongan priest inspiration rituals as comprehensively described by William Mariner. There are two recorded instances of him being given clubs by Taufa'ahau, who would later become King George Tupou 1st: the first club used for invoking the god Fakailoatonga on Sunday 26 December 1830 ("these were laid at the Chief's feet and he put them to me"), and the second club used for invoking the god Hikuleo on Saturday 18 November 1843. This concurs with the family legend, passed on by John Thomas via Esther Thomas, Alfred Thomas and then Edith Thomas to the present owner, that some of these clubs were given to John Thomas by the first King of Tonga. Unfortunately, his descriptions of the clubs were so cursory that it is not possible to positively match any of them with his journal entries. Also, his journals after 1835 have only been partially examined for the purposes of this research due to the practical difficulties mentioned under "Research sources", so these may contain other relevant information. John Thomas lived in Tonga between 1826 and 1850 and again between 1856 and 1859. It is not possible to date his acquisition of the clubs with certainty.
Recommended reading
Niel Gunson, 'Thomas, John (1797-1881)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. Succinct biography of John Thomas. As of the date of this document, this was available at: https://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=96713
"Tongan Figures: from goddesses to missionary trophies to masterpieces" by Roger Neich of Auckland Museum. A study of the religious uses of idols and clubs, in which the Reverend John Thomas plays a prominent role. As of the date of this document, this was available on https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume116/jps_v116_no2_2007/5 Tongan figures.pdf
"Thomas of Tonga, 1797-1881: The unlikely pioneer", doctoral thesis by Dr Janet Louisa Luckcock, The Open University, 1990, ISBN 0 946550 85 9 A highly readable and sympathetic study of Thomas, his difficulties and his achievements and one that very much takes his side in refuting the accusations made against him by his enemies. This book is unfortunately out of print, but still in copyright, making copies very difficult to obtain. It is held by the British Library as a published thesis under reference YK.1993.a.10196 although permission has to be obtained from the Methodist Publishing House for it to be copied.
Contact Customer-Services@bl.uk for further information.
"A Pioneer - Memoir of the Rev. John Thomas", by G. stringer Rowe ISBN 0 909183 01 05
This book is out of copyright and electronic versions are available on the internet, notably by searching the catalogue at the National Library of Australia: https://catalogue.nla.gov.au
The direct link as of the date of this document was: https://nla.gov.au/nla.gen-vn4773440
"Holy War: Peter Dillon and the 1837 Massacres in Tonga" by H. G. Cummins
Source: The Journal of Pacific History, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1977), pp. 25-39
Link as of the date of this document: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168277
An examination of the events surrounding the accusations of warmongering that were made against the Wesleyans and Thomas in particular, with an explanation of the circumstances and evidence on both sides.
"A History of Tonga as Recorded by Rev. John Thomas", edited by Dr Nigel Statham. This is the most extensive of Thomas's writings and contains traditions he recorded about Tonga's past up to European contact, genealogies of persons prominent in those traditions, mythology, geography, accounts of gods and a detailed account of the Christianisation of Tonga up to 1842. This is one of the most important primary source documents for the history of Tonga but it has hitherto only been accessible in the original manuscripts or in library microfilm copies of them. Available from www.tongabooks.com
(1) - https://acms.sl.nsw.gov.au "John Thomas - journals, 1825-1841 and Sarah Thomas - journal, 1825-1834, transcribed by Dr Janet Luckcock". Reference MLMSS 6228. After May 1835, the official journal is summarised rather than transcribed. The transcription of his private journal ends in December 1835. (2) - Cook only narrowly escaped with his life during his visit, although he remained unaware of this. See Mariner, Vol II.
(3) - Attacks on ships and crew were common and suspicion and caution would have been essential. See "The State and the Church, the State of the Church in Tonga", Ph.D. Thesis by Heneli T. Niumeitolu, University of Edinburgh, 2007. Also see page 3 of Fijian Weapons and Warfare by Fergus Clunie on the precautions to be taken by merchant ships visiting Fiji in this period - precautions that would have been equally applicable to Tonga.
(4)"Mafe Habe (?) visited us today, this is one of the wives of the late Finow, the King of the Hapais, and the person that Mariner spoke of as his Mother or she calls him her Son. She must have been young while Mariner was here, she is by no means an old woman now, not more than seven or eight and thirty, she is a fine-looking woman. She brought us a piece of Gnatoo and was accompanied by two of her children and one of Hohela's wives. Since the death of Finow her husband she has been married to Vuki the man that Mariner says was so fond of her".
(5) - "I designed to have visited a small village a little further on called Koula to see the grave of the men belonging to the Port au Prince, that were killed there about 25 years ago, but was informed by the old men of the place that Cap Brown and the other men who were killed were buried in the sand on the sea beach."
(6) - "Here I met with William Brown, the Englishman who belonging to the late unfortunate Port au Prince. He is a little man and seems to be in a decline of life, he has some native complaint upon him."
(7) - A great chief believed to be descended from a god, second only in rank to Tooitonga and superior to every other chief.
(8) - The Matabooles (or Matabules or Matapules) rank next to the chiefs, as their companions, counsellors and advisors.
(9) - Friendly and Feejee Islands: a missionary visit to various stations in the South Seas : in the year MDCCCXLVII by Walter Lawry, page 260.
(10) - Taufa of the Sea. See Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes on Tongan religion. Part II, by E. E. V. Collocott.
(11) - The god Fakailoatonga was the deification of an illustrious chief. See Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes on Tongan religion. Part I, by E. E. V. Collocott.
(12) - There is a word missing in Janet Luckcock's transcription, probably because she found it indecipherable. It is difficult to see what it could be other than "struck", "smote" or some similar word. Clarifying this would require another visit to SOAS. Interestingly, this description depicts the club being struck at the beginning and at the end of the inspiration ritual.
(13) - Havea of the Underworld. See Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes on Tongan religion. Part I, by E. E. V. Collocott.
(14) - "Tongan Figures: from goddesses to missionary trophies to masterpieces" by Roger Neich.
(15) - Meaning the main island of Tongatapu
(16) - "Tongan Figures: from goddesses to missionary trophies to masterpieces" by Roger Neich.
(17) - Ibid.
(18) - In the mythology of the Tonga Islands, Hikuleo is the god of the afterworld. See Journal of the Polynesian Society: Notes on Tongan religion. Part I, by E. E. V. Collocott.