COUVERTURE TLINGIT CHILKAT
A TLINGIT BLANKET
COUVERTURE TLINGIT CHILKAT
A TLINGIT BLANKET
COUVERTURE TLINGIT CHILKAT
A TLINGIT BLANKET
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On occasion, Christie's has a direct financial int… Read more
COUVERTURE TLINGIT CHILKATA TLINGIT BLANKET

ALASKA

Details
COUVERTURE TLINGIT CHILKAT
A TLINGIT BLANKET
ALASKA
Longueur : 172.7 cm. (68 in.)
Provenance
Jack Curtright, Tacoma, Washington
Howard B. Roloff, Duncan, Colombie-Britannique
George Everett Shaw, Aspen, Colorado
Acquise par l'actuel propriétaire avant le 3 juin 1996
Literature
Shaw, G.E., Art of Grace and Passion: Antique American Indian Art, Aspen, 1999, pl. 100
Exhibited
Aspen, Aspen Art Museum, Art of Grace and Passion: Antique American Indian Art, 16 décembre 1999 - 16 avril 2000
New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, prêt long terme, septembre 2009 - août 2017, inv. n° L.2009.45.2
Special notice
On occasion, Christie's has a direct financial interest in lots consigned for sale which may include guaranteeing a minimum price or making an advance to the consignor that is secured solely by consigned property. This is such a lot. This indicates both in cases where Christie's holds the financial interest on its own, and in cases where Christie's has financed all or a part of such interest through a third party. Such third parties generally benefit financially if a guaranteed lot is sold successfully and may incur a loss if the sale is not successful. This item will be transferred to an offsite warehouse after the sale. Please refer to department for information about storage charges and collection details. In addition to the regular Buyer’s premium, a commission of 5.5% inclusive of VAT of the hammer price will be charged to the buyer. It will be refunded to the Buyer upon proof of export of the lot outside the European Union within the legal time limit. (Please refer to section VAT refunds)

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Victor Teodorescu
Victor Teodorescu Head of Department

Lot Essay

Le système social traditionnel des premières nations de la côte Nord-Ouest reposait sur une hiérarchie claire qui définissait les notables comme les chefs des grandes maisons : possesseurs des eaux de pêche, des territoires de chasse, des grandes récoltes, du poisson fumé, du cuivre, des canoës, et des couvertures Chilkat. Ces dernières, de purs emblêmes de prestige, comptaient parmi les insignes les plus précieux. En effet, lors d’un potlatch, le « meneur » distribuait les couvertures Chilkat aux invités de haut rang.

Ce type de tissage semble trouver ses origines dans l’aire culturelle Tsimshian, dont les peuples sont installés le long des rivières Skeena et Nass. Grâce à ces derniers, ce type de tissage s’est répandu dans les autres régions de la côte Nord-Ouest. La division Chilkat des Tlingit en a produit le plus grand nombre, d’où le terme communément accepté de couverture Chilkat.

Les laines étaient teintes en noir avec de l’écorce de pruche, en jaune avec de la mousse de lycopode et en bleu-vert avec de l’oxyde de cuivre. Leur production suit un processus complexe au cours duquel le tisserand complète une section de conception l’une après l’autre. Les motifs sont réalisés en blanc, noir, jaune et bleu-vert. Le thème le plus commun a été traditionnellement appelé le motif de l’orque, qui décore également le travail présenté ici. Chez les Tsimshian, les Tlingit et les Haïda, le thème de l’orque est une référence au premier potlatch du monde, donné par Konankada en l’honneur du Corbeau.

Il est essentiel pour la lecture d’une couverture Chilkat de comprendre le principe de l’espace positif-négatif, illustré à l’aide de lignes primaires (noires) et secondaires (autres couleurs), qui se cache derrière le dessin : « Les espaces entre les formes positives sont soigneusement contrôlés et doivent être considérés comme faisant partie du dessin. Ceci est facile à voir surtout dans une couverture Chilkat : les formes négatives sont souvent prises pour le motif primaire positif par ceux qui ne sont pas familiers avec le fait que le motif primaire est noir. Quand on compare la couverture (où les formes négatives et tertiaires et les motifs secondaires prédominent grâce à leur couleur) avec son panneau de motifs (qui a un motif principalement noir), cette relation est facilement visible. » (Holm, B., op. cit.,1978, p. 80).

Pour une couverture Chilkat similaire aux cadres verts, acquise auprès de G.T. Emmons, voir celle de l’American Museum of Natural History (inv. n° 16.1/1842), publiée dans Jonaitis, A., From the Land of the Totem Poles. The northwest Coast Indian Art Collection at the American Museum of Natural History, Washington, 1988, pl. 16c.

The traditional social system of the first nations inhabiting the Northwest Coast was based upon a clear hierarchy that defined nobles as the chiefs of the great houses – possessors of fishing waters, hunting grounds, large harvests, abundant oil, smoked fish, copper, canoes, and Chilkat blankets. The latter counted among the most valuable chiefly regalia and were a pure symbol of status. Indeed, during a potlatch the hosting chief would distribute the highly valued Chilkat blankets only to the most high ranking among his guests.

This type of weaving appears to have originated with the Tsimshian-speaking people living along the Skeena and Nass Rivers. From them this type of weaving spread to the other Northwest Coast tribes. The Chilkat division of the Tlingit has in historical times been the only tribe still producing this type of textile; hence the commonly accepted term of Chilkat blanket.

The designs for these textiles spun out of mountain goat wool are painted by men on wooden pattern boards, which the weaver, a woman, has before her as she weaves. Their production follows a complex process during which the weaver completes one design section after another. Designs are carried out in white, black, yellow, and blue-green. The wools were dyed black with hemlock bark, yellow with wolfclub moss, and blue-green with copper oxide. The white was the natural colour of the washed wool. The borders were finished with braiding and the long ends of the warp, thickened by tying in additional strands, formed the fringe. The most common theme has been traditionally called the killer whale pattern, which decorates also our present work. Among the Tsimshian, Tlingit and Haida people the theme of the Killer Whale is a reference to the first potlatch in the world, which was given by Konankada in honour of the Raven. The whale's head is at the bottom; the stylized face in the center is his body. Flanking the face are designs representing the pectoral fins. The tail, spread wide to show the flukes, covers the width of the panel's upper part.

Essential to the “lecture” of a Chilkat blanket is understanding the positive-negative space principle that lies behind the design : “The spaces between positive shapes must be considered part of the design and were carefully controlled. This is most easily seen in a Chilkat blanket, where the negative shapes are often taken for the positive primary design by those not familiar with the fact that the primary design is black. When the blanket (where the negative and tertiary shapes and secondary designs predominate because of their color) is compared with its pattern board (which has a predominantly black design), this relationship is easily seen.” (Holm, B., op. cit. p. 80).

For a very similar Chilkat blanket with green colored panels, purchased from Emmons, see the one in the AMNH (inv. no. 16.1/1842), published in Jonaitis, A., From the Land of the Totem Poles. The northwest Coast Indian Art Collection at the American Museum of Natural History, Washington, 1988, pl. 16c.

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